You know, I just wanna say one brief thing about something the previous speaker said. I didnt wanna spend too much time on that cause I dont think its important enough. But one thing is worth considering.

Hes the -- Hes the nominal head of an organization supposedly representative of the undergraduates. Whereas in fact under the current director it derives -- its authority is delegated power from the Administration. Its totally unrepresentative of the graduate students and TAs.¹

But he made the following statement (I quote): I would ask all those who are not definitely committed to the FSM² cause to stay away from demonstration. Alright, now listen to this: For all upper division students who are interested in alleviating the TA shortage problem, I would encourage you to offer your services to Department Chairmen and Advisors. That has two things: A strike breaker and a fink.

Id like to say -- like to say one other thing about a union problem. Upstairs you may have noticed theyre ready on the 2nd floor of Sproul Hall, Locals 40 and 127 of the Painters Union are painting the inside of the 2nd floor of Sproul Hall. Now, apparently that action had been planned some time in the past. Ive tried to contact those unions. Unfortunately -- and [it] tears my heart out -- theyre as bureaucratized as the Administration. Its difficult to get through to anyone in authority there. Very sad. Were still -- Were still making an attempt. Those people up there have no desire to interfere with what were doing. I would ask that they be considered and that they not be heckled in any way. And I think that -- you know -- while theres unfortunately no sense of -- no sense of solidarity at this point between unions and students, there at least need be no -- you know -- excessively hard feelings between the two groups.

Now, there are at least two ways in which sit-ins and civil disobedience and whatever -- least two major ways in which it can occur. One, when a law exists, is promulgated, which is totally unacceptable to people and they violate it again and again and again till its rescinded, appealed. Alright, but theres another way. Theres another way. Sometimes, the form of the law is such as to render impossible its effective violation -- as a method to have it repealed. Sometimes, the grievances of people are more -- extend more -- to more than just the law, extend to a whole mode of arbitrary power, a whole mode of arbitrary exercise of arbitrary power.

And thats what we have here. We have an autocracy which -- which runs this university. Its managed. We were told the following: If President Kerr actually tried to get something more liberal out of the Regents in his telephone conversation, why didnt he make some public statement to that effect? And the answer we received -- from a well-meaning liberal -- was the following: He said, Would you ever imagine the manager of a firm making a statement publicly in opposition to his Board of Directors? Thats the answer.

Well I ask you to consider -- if this is a firm, and if the Board of Regents are the Board of Directors, and if President Kerr in fact is the manager, then I tell you something -- the faculty are a bunch of employees and were the raw material! But were a bunch of raw materials that dont mean to be -- have any process upon us. Dont mean to be made into any product! Dont mean -- Dont mean to end up being bought by some clients of the University, be they the government, be they industry, be they organized labor, be they anyone! Were human beings!

And that -- that brings me to the second mode of civil disobedience. Theres a time when the operation of the machine becomes so odious, makes you so sick at heart that you cant take part! You cant even passively take part! And youve got to put your bodies upon the gears and upon the wheels, upon the levers, upon all the apparatus -- and youve got to make it stop! And youve got to indicate to the people who run it, to the people who own it -- that unless youre free the machine will be prevented from working at all!!

That doesnt mean -- I know it will be interpreted to mean, unfortunately, by the bigots who run The Examiner, for example -- That doesnt mean that you have to break anything. One thousand people sitting down some place, not letting anybody by, not [letting] anything happen, can stop any machine, including this machine! And it will stop!!

Were gonna do the following -- and the greater the number of people, the safer theyll be and the more effective it will be. Were going, once again, to march up to the 2nd floor of Sproul Hall. And were gonna conduct our lives for awhile in the 2nd floor of Sproul Hall. Well show movies, for example. We tried to get -- and [they] shut them off. Unfortunately, thats tied up in the court because of a lot of squeamish moral mothers for a moral America and other people on the outside. The same people who get all their ideas out of the San Francisco Examiner. Sad, sad. But, Mr. Landau -- Mr. Landau has gotten us some other films.

Likewise, well do something -- well do something which hasnt occurred at this University in a good long time! Were going to have real classes up there! Theyre gonna be freedom schools conducted up there! Were going to have classes on [the] 1st and 14th amendments!! Were gonna spend our time learning about the things this University is afraid that we know! Were going to learn about freedom up there, and were going to learn by doing!!

Now, weve had some good, long rallies. [Rally organizers inform Savio that Joan Baez has arrived.] Just one moment. Weve had some good, long rallies. And I think Im sicker of rallies than anyone else here. Shes not going to be long. Id like to introduce one last person -- one last person before we enter Sproul Hall. Yeah. And the person is Joan Baez.