And during the few moments that we have left, we want to have just an off-the-cuff chat between you and me -- us. We want to talk right down to earth in a language that everybody here can easily understand. We all agree tonight, all of the speakers have agreed, that America has a very serious problem. Not only does America have a very serious problem, but our people have a very serious problem. Americas problem is us. Were her problem. The only reason she has a problem is she doesnt want us here. And every time you look at yourself, be you black, brown, red, or yellow -- a so-called Negro -- you represent a person who poses such a serious problem for America because youre not wanted. Once you face this as a fact, then you can start plotting a course that will make you appear intelligent, instead of unintelligent.

What you and I need to do is learn to forget our differences. When we come together, we dont come together as Baptists or Methodists. You dont catch hell cause youre a Baptist, and you dont catch hell cause youre a Methodist. You dont catch hell cause youre a Methodist or Baptist. You dont catch hell because youre a Democrat or a Republican. You dont catch hell because youre a Mason or an Elk. And you sure dont catch hell cause youre an American; cause if you was an American, you wouldnt catch no hell. You catch hell cause youre a black man. You catch hell, all of us catch hell, for the same reason.

So we are all black people, so-called Negroes, second-class citizens, ex-slaves. You are nothing but a [sic] ex-slave. You dont like to be told that. But what else are you? You are ex-slaves. You didnt come here on the Mayflower. You came here on a slave ship -- in chains, like a horse, or a cow, or a chicken. And you were brought here by the people who came here on the Mayflower. You were brought here by the so-called Pilgrims, or Founding Fathers. They were the ones who brought you here.

We have a common enemy. We have this in common: We have a common oppressor, a common exploiter, and a common discriminator. But once we all realize that we have this common enemy, then we unite on the basis of what we have in common. And what we have foremost in common is that enemy -- the white man. Hes an enemy to all of us. I know some of you all think that some of them arent enemies. Time will tell.

In Bandung back in, I think, 1954, was the first unity meeting in centuries of black people. And once you study what happened at the Bandung conference, and the results of the Bandung conference, it actually serves as a model for the same procedure you and I can use to get our problems solved. At Bandung all the nations came together. Their were dark nations from Africa and Asia. Some of them were Buddhists. Some of them were Muslim. Some of them were Christians. Some of them were Confucianists; some were atheists. Despite their religious differences, they came together. Some were communists; some were socialists; some were capitalists. Despite their economic and political differences, they came together. All of them were black, brown, red, or yellow.

The number-one thing that was not allowed to attend the Bandung conference was the white man. He couldnt come. Once they excluded the white man, they found that they could get together. Once they kept him out, everybody else fell right in and fell in line. This is the thing that you and I have to understand. And these people who came together didnt have nuclear weapons; they didnt have jet planes; they didnt have all of the heavy armaments that the white man has. But they had unity.

They were able to submerge their little petty differences and agree on one thing: That though one African came from Kenya and was being colonized by the Englishman, and another African came from the Congo and was being colonized by the Belgian, and another African came from Guinea and was being colonized by the French, and another came from Angola and was being colonized by the Portuguese. When they came to the Bandung conference, they looked at the Portuguese, and at the Frenchman, and at the Englishman, and at the other -- Dutchman -- and learned or realized that the one thing that all of them had in common: they were all from Europe, they were all Europeans, blond, blue-eyed and white-skinned. They began to recognize who their enemy was. The same man that was colonizing our people in Kenya was colonizing our people in the Congo. The same one in the Congo was colonizing our people in South Africa, and in Southern Rhodesia, and in Burma, and in India, and in Afghanistan, and in Pakistan. They realized all over the world where the dark man was being oppressed, he was being oppressed by the white man; where the dark man was being exploited, he was being exploited by the white man. So they got together under this basis -- that they had a common enemy.

And when you and I here in Detroit and in Michigan and in America who have been awakened today look around us, we too realize here in America we all have a common enemy, whether hes in Georgia or Michigan, whether hes in California or New York. Hes the same man: blue eyes and blond hair and pale skin -- same man. So what we have to do is what they did. They agreed to stop quarreling among themselves. Any little spat that they had, theyd settle it among themselves, go into a huddle -- dont let the enemy know that you got [sic] a disagreement.

Instead of us airing our differences in public, we have to realize were all the same family. And when you have a family squabble, you dont get out on the sidewalk. If you do, everybody calls you uncouth, unrefined, uncivilized, savage. If you dont make it at home, you settle it at home; you get in the closet -- argue it out behind closed doors. And then when you come out on the street, you pose a common front, a united front. And this is what we need to do in the community, and in the city, and in the state. We need to stop airing our differences in front of the white man. Put the white man out of our meetings, number one, and then sit down and talk shop with each other. [Thats] all you gotta do.

I would like to make a few comments concerning the difference between the black revolution and the Negro revolution. Theres a difference. Are they both the same? And if theyre not, what is the difference? What is the difference between a black revolution and a Negro revolution? First, what is a revolution? Sometimes Im inclined to believe that many of our people are using this word revolution loosely, without taking careful consideration [of] what this word actually means, and what its historic characteristics are. When you study the historic nature of revolutions, the motive of a revolution, the objective of a revolution, and the result of a revolution, and the methods used in a revolution, you may change words. You may devise another program. You may change your goal and you may change your mind.

Look at the American Revolution in 1776. That revolution was for what? For land. Why did they want land? Independence. How was it carried out? Bloodshed. Number one, it was based on land, the basis of independence. And the only way they could get it was bloodshed. The French Revolution -- what was it based on? The land-less against the landlord. What was it for? Land. How did they get it? Bloodshed. Was no love lost; was no compromise; was no negotiation. Im telling you, you dont know what a revolution is. Cause when you find out what it is, youll get back in the alley; youll get out of the way. The Russian Revolution -- what was it based on? Land. The land-less against the landlord. How did they bring it about? Bloodshed. You havent got a revolution that doesnt involve bloodshed. And youre afraid to bleed. I said, youre afraid to bleed.

[As] long as the white man sent you to Korea, you bled. He sent you to Germany, you bled. He sent you to the South Pacific to fight the Japanese, you bled. You bleed for white people. But when it comes time to seeing your own churches being bombed and little black girls be murdered, you havent got no blood. You bleed when the white man says bleed; you bite when the white man says bite; and you bark when the white man says bark. I hate to say this about us, but its true. How are you going to be nonviolent in Mississippi, as violent as you were in Korea? How can you justify being nonviolent in Mississippi and Alabama, when your churches are being bombed, and your little girls are being murdered, and at the same time youre going to violent with Hitler, and Tojo, and somebody else that you dont even know?

If violence is wrong in America, violence is wrong abroad. If its wrong to be violent defending black women and black children and black babies and black men, then its wrong for America to draft us and make us violent abroad in defense of her. And if it is right for America to draft us, and teach us how to be violent in defense of her, then it is right for you and me to do whatever is necessary to defend our own people right here in this country.

The Chinese Revolution -- they wanted land. They threw the British out, along with the Uncle Tom Chinese. Yeah, they did. They set a good example. When I was in prison, I read an article -- dont be shocked when I say I was in prison. Youre still in prison. Thats what America means: prison. When I was in prison, I read an article in Life magazine showing a little Chinese girl, nine years old; her father was on his hands and knees and she was pulling the trigger cause he was an Uncle Tom Chinaman, When they had the revolution over there, they took a whole generation of Uncle Toms -- just wiped them out. And within ten years that little girl become [sic] a full-grown woman. No more Toms in China. And today its one of the toughest, roughest, most feared countries on this earth -- by the white man. Cause there are no Uncle Toms over there.

Of all our studies, history is best qualified to reward our research. And when you see that youve got problems, all you have to do is examine the historic method used all over the world by others who have problems similar to yours. And once you see how they got theirs straight, then you know how you can get yours straight. Theres been a revolution, a black revolution, going on in Africa. In Kenya, the Mau Mau were revolutionaries; they were the ones who made the word Uhuru [Kenyan word for freedom]. They were the ones who brought it to the fore. The Mau Mau, they were revolutionaries. They believed in scorched earth. They knocked everything aside that got in their way, and their revolution also was based on land, a desire for land. In Algeria, the northern part of Africa, a revolution took place. The Algerians were revolutionists; they wanted land. France offered to let them be integrated into France. They told France: to hell with France. They wanted some land, not some France. And they engaged in a bloody battle.

So I cite these various revolutions, brothers and sisters, to show you -- you dont have a peaceful revolution. You dont have a turn-the-other-cheek revolution. Theres no such thing as a nonviolent revolution. [The] only kind of revolution thats nonviolent is the Negro revolution. The only revolution based on loving your enemy is the Negro revolution. The only revolution in which the goal is a desegregated lunch counter, a desegregated theater, a desegregated park, and a desegregated public toilet; you can sit down next to white folks on the toilet. Thats no revolution. Revolution is based on land. Land is the basis of all independence. Land is the basis of freedom, justice, and equality.

The white man knows what a revolution is. He knows that the black revolution is world-wide in scope and in nature. The black revolution is sweeping Asia, sweeping Africa, is rearing its head in Latin America. The Cuban Revolution -- thats a revolution. They overturned the system. Revolution is in Asia. Revolution is in Africa. And the white man is screaming because he sees revolution in Latin America. How do you think hell react to you when you learn what a real revolution is? You dont know what a revolution is. If you did, you wouldnt use that word.

A revolution is bloody. Revolution is hostile. Revolution knows no compromise. Revolution overturns and destroys everything that gets in its way. And you, sitting around here like a knot on the wall, saying, Im going to love these folks no matter how much they hate me. No, you need a revolution. Whoever heard of a revolution where they lock arms, as Reverend Cleage was pointing out beautifully, singing We Shall Overcome? Just tell me. You dont do that in a revolution. You dont do any singing; youre too busy swinging. Its based on land. A revolutionary wants land so he can set up his own nation, an independent nation. These Negroes arent asking for no nation. Theyre trying to crawl back on the plantation.

When you want a nation, thats called nationalism. When the white man became involved in a revolution in this country against England, what was it for? He wanted this land so he could set up another white nation. Thats white nationalism. The American Revolution was white nationalism. The French Revolution was white nationalism. The Russian Revolution too -- yes, it was -- white nationalism. You dont think so? Why [do] you think Khrushchev and Mao cant get their heads together? White nationalism. All the revolutions thats going on in Asia and Africa today are based on what? Black nationalism. A revolutionary is a black nationalist. He wants a nation. I was reading some beautiful words by Reverend Cleage, pointing out why he couldnt get together with someone else here in the city because all of them were afraid of being identified with black nationalism. If youre afraid of black nationalism, youre afraid of revolution. And if you love revolution, you love black nationalism.

To understand this, you have to go back to what [the] young brother here referred to as the house Negro and the field Negro -- back during slavery. There was two kinds of slaves. There was the house Negro and the field Negro. The house Negroes - they lived in the house with master, they dressed pretty good, they ate good cause they ate his food -- what he left. They lived in the attic or the basement, but still they lived near the master; and they loved their master more than the master loved himself. They would give their life to save the masters house quicker than the master would. The house Negro, if the master said, We got a good house here, the house Negro would say, Yeah, we got a good house here. Whenever the master said we, he said we. Thats how you can tell a house Negro.

If the masters house caught on fire, the house Negro would fight harder to put the blaze out than the master would. If the master got sick, the house Negro would say, Whats the matter, boss, we sick? We sick! He identified himself with his master more than his master identified with himself. And if you came to the house Negro and said, Lets run away, lets escape, lets separate, the house Negro would look at you and say, Man, you crazy. What you mean, separate? Where is there a better house than this? Where can I wear better clothes than this? Where can I eat better food than this? That was that house Negro. In those days he was called a house nigger. And thats what we call him today, because weve still got some house niggers running around here.

This modern house Negro loves his master. He wants to live near him. Hell pay three times as much as the house is worth just to live near his master, and then brag about Im the only Negro out here. Im the only one on my job. Im the only one in this school. Youre nothing but a house Negro. And if someone comes to you right now and says, Lets separate, you say the same thing that the house Negro said on the plantation. What you mean, separate? From America? This good white man? Where you going to get a better job than you get here? I mean, this is what you say. I aint left nothing in Africa, thats what you say. Why, you left your mind in Africa.

On that same plantation, there was the field Negro. The field Negro -- those were the masses. There were always more Negroes in the field than there was Negroes in the house. The Negro in the field caught hell. He ate leftovers. In the house they ate high up on the hog. The Negro in the field didnt get nothing but what was left of the insides of the hog. They call em chittlin nowadays. In those days they called them what they were: guts. Thats what you were -- a gut-eater. And some of you all still gut-eaters.

The field Negro was beaten from morning to night. He lived in a shack, in a hut; He wore old, castoff clothes. He hated his master. I say he hated his master. He was intelligent. That house Negro loved his master. But that field Negro -- remember, they were in the majority, and they hated the master. When the house caught on fire, he didnt try and put it out; that field Negro prayed for a wind, for a breeze. When the master got sick, the field Negro prayed that hed die. If someone come [sic] to the field Negro and said, Lets separate, lets run, he didnt say Where we going? Hed say, Any place is better than here. Youve got field Negroes in America today. Im a field Negro. The masses are the field Negroes. When they see this mans house on fire, you dont hear these little Negroes talking about our government is in trouble. They say, The government is in trouble. Imagine a Negro: Our government! I even heard one say our astronauts. They wont even let him near the plant -- and our astronauts! Our Navy -- thats a Negro thats out of his mind. Thats a Negro thats out of his mind.

Just as the slavemaster of that day used Tom, the house Negro, to keep the field Negroes in check, the same old slavemaster today has Negroes who are nothing but modern Uncle Toms, 20th century Uncle Toms, to keep you and me in check, keep us under control, keep us passive and peaceful and nonviolent. Thats Tom making you nonviolent. Its like when you go to the dentist, and the mans going to take your tooth. Youre going to fight him when he starts pulling. So he squirts some stuff in your jaw called novocaine, to make you think theyre not doing anything to you. So you sit there and cause youve got all of that novocaine in your jaw, you suffer peacefully. Blood running all down your jaw, and you dont know whats happening. Cause someone has taught you to suffer -- peacefully.

The white man do the same thing to you in the street, when he want [sic] to put knots on your head and take advantage of you and dont have to be afraid of your fighting back. To keep you from fighting back, he gets these old religious Uncle Toms to teach you and me, just like novocaine, suffer peacefully. Dont stop suffering -- just suffer peacefully. As Reverend Cleage pointed out, Let your blood flow In the streets. This is a shame. And you know hes a Christian preacher. If its a shame to him, you know what it is to me.

Theres nothing in our book, the Quran -- you call it Ko-ran -- that teaches us to suffer peacefully. Our religion teaches us to be intelligent. Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone puts his hand on you, send him to the cemetery. Thats a good religion. In fact, thats that old-time religion. Thats the one that Ma and Pa used to talk about: an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth, and a head for a head, and a life for a life: Thats a good religion. And doesnt nobody resent that kind of religion being taught but a wolf, who intends to make you his meal.

This is the way it is with the white man in America. Hes a wolf and youre sheep. Any time a shepherd, a pastor, teach [sic] you and me not to run from the white man and, at the same time, teach [sic] us not to fight the white man, hes a traitor to you and me. Dont lay down our life all by itself. No, preserve your life. its the best thing you got. And if you got to give it up, let it be even-steven.

The slavemaster took Tom and dressed him well, and fed him well, and even gave him a little education -- a little education; gave him a long coat and a top hat and made all the other slaves look up to him. Then he used Tom to control them. The same strategy that was used in those days is used today, by the same white man. He takes a Negro, a so-called Negro, and make [sic] him prominent, build [sic] him up, publicize [sic] him, make [sic] him a celebrity. And then he becomes a spokesman for Negroes -- and a Negro leader.

I would like to just mention just one other thing else quickly, and that is the method that the white man uses, how the white man uses these big guns, or Negro leaders, against the black revolution. They are not a part of the black revolution. Theyre used against the black revolution.

When Martin Luther King failed to desegregate Albany, Georgia, the civil-rights struggle in America reached its low point. King became bankrupt almost, as a leader. Plus, even financially, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference was in financial trouble; plus it was in trouble, period, with the people when they failed to desegregate Albany, Georgia. Other Negro civil-rights leaders of so-called national stature became fallen idols. As they became fallen idols, began to lose their prestige and influence, local Negro leaders began to stir up the masses. In Cambridge, Maryland, Gloria Richardson; in Danville, Virginia, and other parts of the country, local leaders began to stir up our people at the grassroots level. This was never done by these Negroes, whom you recognize, of national stature. They controlled you, but they never incited you or excited you. They controlled you; they contained you; they kept you on the plantation.

As soon as King failed in Birmingham, Negroes took to the streets. King got out and went out to California to a big rally and raised about -- I dont know how many thousands of dollars. [He] come [sic] to Detroit and had a march and raised some more thousands of dollars. And recall, right after that [Roy] Wilkins attacked King, accused King and the CORE [Congress Of Racial Equality] of starting trouble everywhere and then making the NAACP [National Association for the Advancement of Colored People] get them out of jail and spend a lot of money; and then they accused King and CORE of raising all the money and not paying it back. This happened; Ive got it in documented evidence in the newspaper. Roy started attacking King, and King started attacking Roy, and Farmer started attacking both of them. And as these Negroes of national stature began to attack each other, they began to lose their control of the Negro masses.

And Negroes was [sic] out there in the streets. They was [sic] talking about [how] we was [sic] going to march on Washington. By the way, right at that time Birmingham had exploded, and the Negroes in Birmingham -- remember, they also exploded. They began to stab the crackers in the back and bust them up side their head -- yes, they did. Thats when Kennedy sent in the troops, down in Birmingham. So, and right after that, Kennedy got on the television and said this is a moral issue. Thats when he said he was going to put out a civil-rights bill. And when he mentioned civil-rights bill and the Southern crackers started talking about [how] they were going to boycott or filibuster it, then the Negroes started talking -- about what? Were going to march on Washington, march on the Senate, march on the White House, march on the Congress, and tie it up, bring it to a halt; dont let the government proceed. They even said they was [sic] going out to the airport and lay down on the runway and dont let no airplanes land. Im telling you what they said. That was revolution. That was revolution. That was the black revolution.

It was the grass roots out there in the street. [It] scared the white man to death, scared the white power structure in Washington, D. C. to death; I was there. When they found out that this black steamroller was going to come down on the capital, they called in Wilkins; they called in Randolph; they called in these national Negro leaders that you respect and told them, Call it off. Kennedy said, Look, you all letting this thing go too far. And Old Tom said, Boss, I cant stop it, because I didnt start it. Im telling you what they said. They said, Im not even in it, much less at the head of it. They said, These Negroes are doing things on their own. Theyre running ahead of us. And that old shrewd fox, he said, Well If you all arent in it, Ill put you in it. Ill put you at the head of it. Ill endorse it. Ill welcome it. Ill help it. Ill join it.

A matter of hours went by. They had a meeting at the Carlyle Hotel in New York City. The Carlyle Hotel is owned by the Kennedy family; thats the hotel Kennedy spent the night at, two nights ago; [it] belongs to his family. A philanthropic society headed by a white man named Stephen Currier called all the top civil-rights leaders together at the Carlyle Hotel. And he told them that, By you all fighting each other, you are destroying the civil-rights movement. And since youre fighting over money from white liberals, let us set up what is known as the Council for United Civil Rights Leadership. Lets form this council, and all the civil-rights organizations will belong to it, and well use it for fund-raising purposes. Let me show you how tricky the white man is. And as soon as they got it formed, they elected Whitney Young as the chairman, and who [do] you think became the co-chairman? Stephen Currier, the white man, a millionaire. Powell was talking about it down at the Cobo [Hall] today. This is what he was talking about. Powell knows it happened. Randolph knows it happened. Wilkins knows it happened. King knows it happened. Everyone of that so-called Big Six -- they know what happened.

Once they formed it, with the white man over it, he promised them and gave them $800,000 to split up between the Big Six; and told them that after the march was over theyd give them $700,000 more. A million and a half dollars -- split up between leaders that youve been following, going to jail for, crying crocodile tears for. And theyre nothing but Frank James and Jesse James and the what-do-you-call-em brothers.

[As] soon as they got the setup organized, the white man made available to them top public relations experts; opened the news media across the country at their disposal; and then they begin [sic] to project these Big Six as the leaders of the march. Originally, they werent even in the march. You was [sic ] talking this march talk on Hastings Street -- Is Hastings Street still here? -- on Hasting Street. You was [sic] talking the march talk on Lenox Avenue, and out on -- What you call it? -- Fillmore Street, and Central Avenue, and 32nd Street and 63rd Street. Thats where the march talk was being talked. But the white man put the Big Six [at the] head of it; made them the march. They became the march. They took it over. And the first move they made after they took it over, they invited Walter Reuther, a white man; they invited a priest, a rabbi, and an old white preacher. Yes, an old white preacher. The same white element that put Kennedy in power -- labor, the Catholics, the Jews, and liberal Protestants; [the] same clique that put Kennedy in power, joined the march on Washington.

Its just like when youve got some coffee thats too black, which means its too strong. What you do? You integrate it with cream; you make it weak. If you pour too much cream in, you wont even know you ever had coffee. It used to be hot, it becomes cool. It used to be strong, it becomes weak. It used to wake you up, now itll put you to sleep. This is what they did with the march on Washington. They joined it. They didnt integrate it; they infiltrated it. They joined it, became a part of it, took it over. And as they took it over, it lost its militancy. They ceased to be angry. They ceased to be hot. They ceased to be uncompromising. Why, it even ceased to be a march. It became a picnic, a circus. Nothing but a circus, with clowns and all. You had one right here in Detroit -- I saw it on television -- with clowns leading it, white clowns and black clowns. I know you dont like what Im saying, but Im going to tell you anyway. Cause I can prove what Im saying. If you think Im telling you wrong, you bring me Martin Luther King and A. Philip Randolph and James Farmer and those other three, and see if theyll deny it over a microphone.

No, it was a sellout. It was a takeover. When James Baldwin came in from Paris, they wouldnt let him talk, cause they couldnt make him go by the script. Burt Lancaster read the speech that Baldwin was supposed to make; they wouldnt let Baldwin get up there, cause they know Baldwins liable to say anything. They controlled it so tight -- they told those Negroes what time to hit town, how to come, where to stop, what signs to carry, *what song to sing*, what speech they could make, and what speech they couldnt make; and then told them to get out town by sundown. And everyone of those Toms was out of town by sundown. Now I know you dont like my saying this. But I can back it up. It was a circus, a performance that beat anything Hollywood could ever do, the performance of the year. Reuther and those other three devils should get a Academy Award for the best actors cause they acted like they really loved Negroes and fooled a whole lot of Negroes. And the six Negro leaders should get an award too, for the best supporting cast.